{"id":15647,"date":"2024-08-26T18:43:48","date_gmt":"2024-08-26T15:43:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/al-rawiya.com\/?p=15647"},"modified":"2024-08-27T12:42:20","modified_gmt":"2024-08-27T09:42:20","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/al-rawiya.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%81%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a0<\/p>

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\u00a0<\/p>

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\u00a0<\/p>

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\u00a0<\/p>

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1858 – \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u062f. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <\/span>\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0632<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

1858 – \u0623.\u0628.\u060c \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u062f. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <\/span>\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0632<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

1858 – \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <\/span>\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062b\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0632<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631<\/b><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00ab\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\/ \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0630\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u00bb\u2026 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0646\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0646\u0651\u064e \u00ab\u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <\/span>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/a> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>


<\/span>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (compulsory heterosexuality) \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0627 <\/span>\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642<\/span><\/a> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0651\u0641\u064e\u062a \u0643\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

1945 – \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062d \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/a> \u0645\u0646 <\/span>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u00ab<\/span>\u0631\u062d\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0641<\/span><\/a>\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629 (BPD) \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (HPD) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 <\/span>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/a> \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u064f\u062e\u0651\u0635\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0646\u0651\u064e \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064d \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u064a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0645\u0648\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u00ab\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f 25 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0640NHS. <\/span>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/a> \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 Socialist Lawyer \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span>JSTOR<\/span><\/a> \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a. (<\/span>CC BY 4.0)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a0<\/p>

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\u00a0<\/p>

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2015 – \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 <\/span>Eye Dj<\/span><\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span>\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/span><\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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2020 – \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u00ab<\/span>\u0645\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0633: \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0623\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0623\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646<\/span><\/a>\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0642. <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648<\/span><\/a> \u0628\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u0646 <\/span>IDWF<\/span><\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span>\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/span><\/a>).<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a0<\/p>

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